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First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

The experiments are carried out by Rumford, Joule and others provide another sense of the heat. Rumford in the year 1798 found that the heat arising from friction between two objects. Rumford therefore reject the theory of heat as a stream of 'caloric matter' of the object temperature higher flows to a lower temperature object. New in 1840 Joule conducted a series of experiments that reveal the re-discovery of Rumford. Joule found that there is equivalence between heat and mechanical energy. When the amount of mechanical energy W will turn into a number of heat energy a number of H or W = JH where J is a constant with units of erg / calories or Joules / calorie, called tara mechanical heat. Rowland, in 1879 a similar experiment Joule experiment to determine the price of J at different temperatures of water. The results are as listed in the table below.

Water Temperature (oC)	J (Joule/oC)
10 15 20 25 30 35	4,196 4,188 4,181 4,176 4,174 4,175

Rowland experimental results show that the price of heat between the mechanical changes uniformly with changes in water temperature. This proves that the specific heat of water is different at each temperature. Specific heat of water from 10 °C to 11°C is not the same as the specific heat of water from 15°C to 16°C temperature.

Formally agreed upon mechanical heating rates are:

 J = 4,18605 J/kal

 J = 778,28 

The discovery paved the Rumford and Joule's first law of thermodynamics. The relationship W = JH stated that if a number of mechanical energy W carried out a number of heat energy will be generated if the number of H or heat energy has been lost will be sufficient mechanical energy W. This relationship is the basis of the first law of thermodynamics, which resulted in heat is another form of energy. Changes mechanical energy into heat energy form the basis of the first law of thermodynamics is simply the special circumstances of the general law of conservation of energy.

Changes heat energy into mechanical energy number is only valid if all the heat energy transformed into mechanical energy or vice versa. A system such as a gas that occupies a closed cylinder with a piston which can move freely without friction. Between gas molecules are attractive forces between atoms as well as with other atoms. If the style of a passage to other parts of a system called the style, the style of interaction between molecules with a molecule or atom by atom is in the style and the work done by internal forces called in the business. So a system like this gas in addition to doing business outside the business have also been among the parts is called the energy of the system. Suppose the volume is filled by a gas cylinder was made permanent, then the gas was not possible to do business outside of W. In the kinetic theory of gases has been discussed that the gas molecules move as gas molecules that have kinetic energy. Energy or effort into force generated by the so-called potential energy between molecules or between atoms. Kinetic energy and potential energy into the energy of a system. Style between the gas molecules is very small compared to the force between molecules of liquid or solid. Therefore the role of kinetic energy in the energy of the gas is greater than its potential energy.

Clausius formulated the first law of thermodynamics in mathematical form as,

dQ = du + dW (Gas System Overview)

dQ = the amount of heat energy given to a system

 u = internal energy of a system and du is the change of internal energy.

dW = work carried out by a system.

The first law of thermodynamics metematik formulated in equation (1) states that the heat energy given to a system change to changes in energy and some others to be out of business. Units of energy in equation (1) everything is the same, namely Joule or calories. Therefore the J factor between mechanical heating is not intended.

The consequence of this (first) oriented engineer's point of view, an interest in the work produced by the machine / system. Conversion is now oriented systematic process into the system is positive, because it adds energy system.

In the adiabatic process no heat in and out of the system, it was the work that goes into the system does not depend on the process / trajectory, energy menjaditambahan work within the system.